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Networking

1. 🌐 Networking Basics

IP Addresses

  • IP Address - unique identifier
    • IPv4 - 32-bit -> 4B addresses
    • IPv6 - 128-bit -> 340T addresses

TRANSPORT LAYER

Factor TCP UDP
Connection type Requires an established connection before transmitting data No connection is needed to start and end a data transfer
Data sequence Can sequence data (send in a specific order) Cannot sequence or arrange data
Data retransmission Can retransmit data if packets fail to arrive No data retransmitting. Lost data can’t be retrieved
 Delivery Delivery is guaranteed Delivery is not guaranteed
Check for errors Thorough error-checking guarantees data arrives in its intended state Minimal error-checking covers the basics but may not prevent all errors
Broadcasting Not supported Supported
Speed Slow, but complete data delivery Fast, but at risk of incomplete data delivery

1.1. DNS - Domain Name System

Translates domain names into IP addresses

ICANN - Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers, functioning of DNS is overseen by ICANN, which coordinates the global IP address base and domain name system

1.1.1. Types of Records in DNS

Type Description Example
A Maps a domain name to an IPv4 address example.com -> 192.168.0.42
AAAA Maps a domain name to an IPv6 address
CNAME Canonical Name, direct an alias domain to a canonical domain example -> original.com
TXT Allows to store text info, such as SPF and email verification records
NS Nameserver coen.ns.cloudflare.com
MX Main Exchanger example.com -> mail.protonmail.ch

1.2. Application Protocol

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1.2.1. 🌐 HTTP

  • HyperText Transfer Protocol
  • Built on TCP/IP
  • It's a request-response protocol
  • Uses Methods and Status Codes

Key Features

  • ↕ Stateless protocol
  • 🔐 Supports HTTPS for secure communication
  • 🔁 Allows for persistent connections (HTTP/1.1+)

1.2.1.1. Codes

1xx Information Codes

  • 100 Continue: Indicates that the client should continue the request or ignore the response if the request is already finished
  • 101 Switching Protocols: Indicates protocol the server is switching too
  • 102 Processing: WebDav, the server has received and is processing the request, not response is yet available.

2xx Success Codes

  • 200 OK: The standard response for successful request
  • 201 Created: Signifies that a new resource has been successfully created
  • 204 No Content: Indicates that the server successfully processed the request, but is not return any content

3xx Redirection Codes

  • 301 Moved Permanently: The URL of the requested resource has been changed permanently. The new URL is given in the response
  • 302 Found: Indicated that the resource is temporarily located at another URI
  • 304 Not Modified: Informs the client that the chached version of the response is still valid and can be used

4xx Client Error Codes

  • 400 Bad Request: The server cannot process the requested due to a client error
  • 401 Unauthorized: Authentication is required for the requested to be completed
  • 403 Forbidden: The server understands the requested but refuses to authorize it
  • 404 Not Found: The server can't find the requested resource
  • 429 Too Many Requests: The user has sent too many requests in a given amount of time

5xx Server Error Codes

  • 500 Internal Server Error: A generic error message when the server encounters an unexpected condition
  • 501 Not Implemented: The server does not support the functionality required to fulfil the request
  • 503 Service Unavailable: The server is not ready to handle the request, often used for maintenance or overload

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1.2.2. 🔌 Web Socket

Web Socket Characteristics

  • Full-duplex, bidirectional communication
  • Enables real-time data transfer
  • Runs over a single TCP connection
  • Designed for low-latency, high-frequency updates
  • Used for chats and streaming

1.2.3. 📹 WebRTC

WebRTC Features

  • Web Real-Time Communication
  • Enables direct peer-to-peer communication
  • Supports video, voice, and data sharing
  • Works without plugins or additional software

1.2.4. 📡 MQTT

MQTT Basics

  • Message Queuing Telemetry Transport
  • Lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol
  • Designed for constrained devices and low-bandwidth networks
  • Uses a broker to manage message distribution

1.2.5. 🐰 AMQP

AMQP Characteristics

  • Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
  • Open standard for message-oriented middleware
  • Supports point-to-point and publish-subscribe patterns
  • Ensures reliable message delivery

1.2.6. ✉ SMTP

SMTP Basics

  • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
  • Used for sending and routing email
  • Works on a store-and-forward model
  • Operates on TCP port 25 by default

1.2.7. 📥 IMAP

IMAP Features

  • Internet Message Access Protocol
  • Retrieves email messages from a mail server
  • Allows management of mailboxes on server
  • Keeps messages on server, enabling access from multiple devices

1.2.8. 📤 POP3

POP3 Characteristics

  • Post Office Protocol version 3
  • Used to retrieve email from a mail server
  • Typically downloads messages to a local device
  • Simpler than IMAP, with fewer features

1.2.9. 📁 FTP

FTP Basics

  • File Transfer Protocol
  • Used for transferring files between client and server
  • Supports both binary and ASCII file transfers
  • Uses separate control and data connections

1.2.10. 🔐 SSH

SSH Features

  • Secure Shell
  • Provides secure remote login and other network services
  • Encrypts all traffic between client and server
  • Often used for remote command execution and file transfers

1.2.11. 📞 RPC

RPC Characteristics

  • Remote Procedure Call
  • Allows program to execute a procedure on another computer
  • Can be implemented over various transport protocols
  • Abstracts the complexities of network communication